The Effects of Plagiarism Essay - 947 Words

Plagiarism, one of the main problems of academic life, is a simple subject to describe, but hard to avoid. It can be simply put in this way as in The Cambridge Dictionary; to use another persons idea or a part of their work and pretend that it is your own. As defined clearly in the dictionary, plagiarism is nothing but stealing someone else’s work. And yes, it is wrong to plagiarize, but most of the people continue to do it. One of the reasons for this is the ones who plagiarize don’t know what plagiarism is. As Evans J. writes: ‘Everyone seems to know plagiarism is wrong, including those who commit the offence, but few know how to completely define it†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ As these people don’t know what plagiarism is, they’re also unaware of the effects†¦show more content†¦Sometimes taking a step forward is the beginning of the success. Yet another effect that is related to these steps that takes us to success is unwillingness to take responsibility. Plagiarism seems like an easy way to passing our courses. As long as we don’t get caught, we can use what’s already done to get rid of some extra study or a project. Collaboration is an easy way to advance through our academic life, however when we won’t be able to find someone to do our work, we do not have a single clue on where to start. This occurs because we don’t have the experience for doing such works. The main reason for this lack of experience is not taking any responsibility. When we take responsibility for completing a work, we dedicate ourselves to complete it in the best way we can. If we keep on paying attention to what’re we doing, we’ll get more experience and we’ll know what to do when we confront with difficult problems. So far, we know that plagiarism has some effects on the committer; also it has some effects on the people that surround the plagiarizer. In addition to lack of personal skills, we might lose the respect of the department or workplace that we’re studying. Because when we’re given an assignment or a project, we’re expected to be honest. They simply want us to bring our own work, notShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Plagiarism1143 Words   |  5 PagesPlagiarism hinders intellectual advancement. The problems of plagiarism have been discussed for hundreds of years. With technologies, plagiarism becomes a fairly common practice in recent years. Plagiarism is actually recognized as a dishonest act from the 18th century when the original literature takes on more value within society. Readers want to read new creations of ideas and words from writers instead of seeing them polish the writings that have already been emitted. Writers are able at thisRead MorePlagiarism And I ts Effects On Students862 Words   |  4 Pagescheating. Plagiarism is defined as theft of ideas or work from others (Council of Writing Program Administrators, 2003). This can happen either accidentally or consciously. Higher education institutions now prioritize on educating the students on plagiarism to prevent it from happening. Institutions also set penalties when dishonesty occurs. The students’ understanding of plagiarism is critical in averting accidental or conscious cheating during their student and professional career. Plagiarism has manyRead MorePlagiarism And Its Effect On Students1742 Words   |  7 Pagesme even though an individual is uninformed on how plagiarism works. That does not necessarily mean that they re incapable of managing to learn as they go and apply the information being learned or taught about plagiarism in a classroom setting or on campus. With all things considered, if professors and administrators were to revise the policy they would be perceived as being immensely sympathetic in relation to student s actions towards plagiarism. Provided that this would then permit the studentRead MorePlagiarism And Its Effect On The Academic Assessment System3365 Words   |  14 PagesIntroduction In the age of advance technology and internet, plagiarism has become an increasingly complex issue. Petress (2003) argues that such phenomenon distorts the rewarding sense of hard work, destroys ethical value of honesty and undermines the academic assessment systems. Moreover, (Gullifer Tyson, 2010) believe that plagiarism denies students’ chances to develop essential academic skills and consequently causes difficulty to progress their degree. As a result, many western and AustralianRead MorePlagiarism Declaration And Its Effect On The Process Of Anonymous Marking2134 Words   |  9 Pagesidentification of work once marking is complete, and for you to make a plagiarism declaration. Please ensure that you fill in all parts of the form. Please note that you should hand work in by the prescribed method only. Plagiarism Declaration (By completing this form you are making the declaration below.) The work I have submitted, in accordance with University College Regulations, is all my own work and contains no plagiarism from books, articles, the internet or anyone else’s work. Where I haveRead MorePlagiarism By Robert J. Youmans900 Words   |  4 PagesPlagiarism in the Classroom Plagiarism has long since been an issue- especially in the classroom. Students try to pass off other people’s work as their own, sometimes stealing ideas, other times even entire papers. In Melissa D’Annunzio’s Ted Talk, â€Å"The Punishable Perils of Plagiarism†, she illustrates the severity of plagiarism through an animated video. In the video, there’s a fake department in charge of tracking down people who plagiarize and then throwing them in jail. By making up this scenarioRead MoreHow Plagiarism Affect Student s Life1270 Words   |  6 PagesHow Many Different Ways of Plagiarism Will Affect Student s Life Generally, plagiarizing is explained as peering other author’s opinions. It breaks the rules of conventions such as originated text and author’s thoughts. Also, plagiarizing lessens the author’s security to hold their property. So, plagiarized essay is not writer’s own possession (Nall, Gherwash, N.D). On the other hand, many students resort to misconduct. This can be resulted in punishments if they would not stop using doingRead MorePlagiarism and the Deterioration of Ethical Values Essay1007 Words   |  5 PagesWhat comes to ones mind when we think about plagiarism, according to Webster-Merriams’ dictionary plagiarism is â€Å"the act stealing and passing off (the ideas and words of others) as ones own† (Webster-Merriam). Webster seems to have left a little something out, plagiarism is not just the act of stealing ones work, it is also the result of ethical deterioration of academic integrity. In discussion of plagiarism, a controversial issue is whether plagiarism is taken serious enough and what the severityRead More Plagiarism - An Ever-increasing Problem Essays1097 Words   |  5 PagesPlagiarism - An Ever-increasing Problem Plagiarism has been a problem to academic institutions for centuries. Plagiarism basically means taking credit for somebody else’s work. The technical definition of plagiarism, as used by State University, is presenting work done (in whole or in part) by someone else as if it were ones own. Dishonest practices that go hand in hand with plagiarism include faking or falsification of data, cheating, or the uttering of false statements by a student inRead MoreCritique Of - Applying Ethical Theories: Interpreting and Responding to Student Plagiarism, Journal of Business Ethics1310 Words   |  6 PagesStudent Plagiarism, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 72, pp 293-306. Summary Plagiarism in todays â€Å"copy and paste generation† is an unremitting, complex issue that is not yet fully understood. The paper responds to this proposition with a thesis that understanding the ethical reasoning provided by students in defending plagiarism is crucial in preventing it in student populations. The reasons can provide the basis for specific action-orientated recommendations to reduce plagiarism and to design

Social Acceptances And Critical Thinking In Adolescents Education Essay Free Essays

Critical thought is the attitude of being willing to see in a thoughtful manner the jobs that come within the scope of 1s experiences ; cognition of the methods of logical probe and logical thinking ; and some accomplishment in utilizing those methods ( Glaser, 1941 ) . Another definition of critical thought is a alone and calculated thought in which the mind consistently and normally inflicts standards and rational criterions upon the thought, taking charge of the construction of thought, steering the construction of the believing harmonizing to criterions, and mensurating the effectivity of the believing harmonizing to the intent, standards, and the criterions of thought ( Richard Paul, 1995 ) . Peter Facione ( 1990 ) stated: † We appreciate critical thought to be calculated, self-regulatory determination, which consequences in reading, analysis, rating, and illation, every bit good as justification of the evidentiary, theoretical, methodological, criteriological, or background considerations upon which that determination is based † . We will write a custom essay sample on Social Acceptances And Critical Thinking In Adolescents Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Facione went on to depict good critical minds as â€Å" habitually speculative, intelligent, trusting of ground, open-minded, flexible, fair-minded in rating, honest in forepart of personal prejudices, careful in doing judgements, willing to reconsider, clear about jobs, orderly in complex affairs, hard-working is seeking relevant information, sensible in the choice of standards, focused in probe, and changeless in seeking consequences which are every bit precise as the topic and fortunes will let. † The Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education in the UK provinces that a pupil should be able to do critical opinions and ratings as portion of their generic accomplishments ( The Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education, 2002 ) . Thinking is the most cardinal of adult male ‘s abilities. We are able to sort, analyze, generalize, deduce, induce, make determinations and work out jobs without holding been taught to believe officially. It might non needfully be true that being able to believe spontaneously would take to the ability to believe efficaciously and good. The basic issue that justifies the call for learning thought in schools is the grounds that after 11 old ages of schooling, many pupils are unable to use the content cognition acquired in school to real-world jobs. The concern sector is kicking about the quality of the alumnuss they received from the universities who sometimes could non even grok direction manuals, what more the manner a piece of equipment plants. In the instance of the United States, the diminution in the pupils ‘ thought competency was farther highlighted by the consequences of the National Assessments of Educational Progress. Teaching pupils to believe would intend to be tter the quality of their thought so that it would be consistent, productive, meaningful and effectual. The ability to believe critically and creatively becomes more important in the age of information and globalisation whereby persons have to screen through dozenss of information which is non needfully relevant. One of the challenges confronting Malaysia amidst its economic development is the accomplishment of a critical thought society. This would heighten and vouch the success of research and development plans in add-on to holding other socioeconomic effects. The Malayan Ministry of Education realized the above-named demands and had begun to slowly shoot the thoughts of critical and originative thought in the school system every bit early as in the late 1980s concurrent with the debut of the Integrated Curriculum for Secondary Schools ( KBSM ) as a mechanism to recognize the National Education Philosophy. The Ministry realized that the old course of study was non balanced and over-emphasized the rational facet more than the religious, emotional and physical facets. Although cognitive accomplishments were highlighted, they were merely those on the lower measure of Bloom ‘s categorization, which consist of the ‘lower order accomplishments ‘ . The KBSM was an betterment as it encourages treatment and enquiry. Some of the instruction schemes that it proposed were methods of find and enquiry, treatment, the Socratic method of oppugning and job work outing through the scientific method. The KBSM was to develop and heighten pup ils ‘ rational capacity with regard to rational, critical and originative thought. However, the greatest drift to stress the instruction of thought in the instruction system came after the Prime Minister unveiled his Vision2020 for the state in 1991. Malaysia ‘s Vision 2020 describes nine challenges confronting the state that aspires to develop holistically which includes development of the assorted dimensions such as economic sciences, societal, political relations, psychological science, religious, and cultural. Interestingly, one of the major challenges lies in furthering and developing a mature democratic society, practising a signifier of mature consensual, community-oriented Malayan democracy. To run into this challenge would necessitate Malaysians to believe positively, critically and creatively. The most important move made by the Ministry after the KBSM was the debut of the construct of the ‘smart school ‘ in 1997, whereby originative and critical thought would go one of its landmarks, the other being the focal point on the petition of informations and communicating engineerings in instruction and acquisition. The Ministry of Education and the Faculty of Education of public universities throughout the state mounted more research on the educating of critical and originative thought accomplishments, particularly in the 1990s. Unfortunately, this punctilious research were largely kept on the library shelves garnering more dust and was ne’er able to inform the practicians in the Ministry and schools. Therefore, practicians were unable to utilize research as a model for doing practical determinations. In the context of Malaysia, most of them either could non acquire entree to the relevant literature, do non possess the learning civilization for self-reformation, are excessively busy learning and fixing pupils for scrutiny or are self-satisfied with their patterns despite the worsening educational criterions. Eisner wrote on this phenomenon of educational research seldom informing educational pattern and suggested some alterations in attack that research workers need to set about if educa tional research desires to inform educational pattern. The Ministry of Education has conducted several undertakings and plans of believing accomplishments in schools through the Curriculum Development Centre ( CDC ) , and Teachers ‘ Education Division ( TED ) . They have besides conducted workshops and provided preparation to instructors. For case, the CDC conducted a pilot undertaking on believing accomplishments across the course of study in 1992/1993 in the territory of Gombak, Selangor. This undertaking involved 10 secondary schools and Form One teachers. The intent of this undertaking was to expose instructors to believing accomplishments, how to be after and fix instruction and acquisition stuffs, and formulate schemes for learning thought. At the terminal of this undertaking, instructors were found to hold that believing accomplishments were utile and should be taught in schools. They felt that due to the restraint of clip, the extract attack is most suited for learning thought. The Ministry introduced the Program for Instruction in Learning and Thinking Skills ( â€Å" PeningkatandanAsuhanDayaIntelek † ; PADI or PILTS ) in 1992. The chief focal point of the PILTS Program is the designation of a nucleus of relevant thought and larning accomplishments to be taught, integrating of these accomplishments in the content being learned, supplying appropriate instructions and rating of the accomplishments taught. The consciousness of a demand to learn believing earnestly in schools gained impulse when in 1993, Tan Sri Dr Wan ZahidMohamadNoordin the so Director-General of Education made it the duty of the learning profession to develop believing accomplishments in society through brooding enquiry. He asserts that â€Å" instructors must prosecute in brooding enquiry, transmit cognition, attitude, and accomplishments. They should develop believing accomplishments. The pupil should non merely be taught to reply inquiries, but besides to inquiry replies and to o ppugn inquiries † . † The Curriculum Development Centre even published a manual to explicate the construct, theoretical account and instruction schemes for learning critical thought accomplishments to instructors. ‘ A twelvemonth subsequently he announced that the chief mark of the Ministry of Education by the twelvemonth 2000 is to hold sixty per cent of the scrutiny inquiries to be of the â€Å" critical thought † nature. In fact the SijilPelajaran Malaysia ‘s History paper in 1994 had already used inquiries which require critical thought. Subsequently, in 1996 the Teacher Education Division ( TED ) of the Ministry of Education, introduced a class entitled â€Å" Critical and Creative Thinking Skills † in its Post-Degree Teaching Program ( KPLI ) . This class was an attempt to educate future instructors on how to learn believing accomplishments across the course of study. The TED besides introduced this topic for its in-service classs. The societal component in Kuhn ‘s ( 1991 ) definition refers to the treatment of thoughts with equals who are engaged in a collaborative procedure of cognition edifice. Research workers have argued that equal relationships are alone in their ability to supply the types of interactions that lead to the development of empathy, knowledge, and societal behavior ( Youniss, 1980 ) . Johnson and Johnson ( 1999 ) maintain that collaborative equal larning promotes greater conceptual development and consequences in greater enjoyment of the acquisition undertaking. Collaboration is thought to lend to higher order larning through cognitive restructuring or struggle declaration. Anderson, Howe, Soden, Halliday, and Low ( 2001 ) stated thatpeer communicating can hold a positive consequence on conceptual development as a map of conceptual struggle. However, in add-on they note that grounds besides exists ( Roazzi A ; Bryant, 1998 ) for the positive effects of understanding. Many surveies have examined the effectivity of intercessions aimed at bettering critical thought accomplishments ( see Pithers and Soden, 2000 ) . These intercessions have included the construct of guided pattern ( Anderson et al. , 2001 ) and scaffolding ( Wood A ; Wood, 1996 ) to guide pupils through the thought procedure by measuring their current degree of believing through duologue and so inquiring inquiries to travel them into the following degree. Other intercessions have involved the debut of equal interaction into critical thought undertakings in an effort to better pupils ‘ cognitive accomplishments in this country ( Anderson et al. , 2001 ; Schwartz, Neuman, Gil, A ; Ilya, 2003 ) . Research by Anderson et Al. ( 2001 ) supported Kuhn ‘s ( 1991 ) suggestion that critical thought accomplishments, in peculiar evidence-based justification, can be improved with guided pattern. Their research involved vocational instruction pupils from Further Education colleges who were engaged in peer-based critiquing of each others ‘ undertaking proposals. It was found that face-to-face equal interaction was good in bettering critical thought accomplishments ; nevertheless, justification tended to be anecdotal in nature or based on personal experience, as opposed to justification utilizing research-based grounds. Ocker and Yaverbaum ( 1999 ) used a repeated-measures experimental design to compare pupil groups each of which teamed up on two instance surveies, one utilizing face-to-face association and the other utilizing asynchronous computing machine discoursing. Their findings indicated that tie ining in the on-line status was merely every bit successful as in the face-to-face status, in footings of acquisition, high quality of solution, solution content and pleasance with the solution. Newman, Webb, and Cochrane ( 1995 ) besides compared face-to-face groups with on-line groups, concentrating on the deepness of critical thought. They found grounds for critical thought in discourse from both face-to-face and computing machine conference seminars and their analysis showed similar deepnesss of critical thought in on-line treatment and face-to-face one. However, a greater proportion of new thoughts emerged in the face-to-face seminars, whereas more thoughts in the computing machine conferences were coded as of import, justified or linked together. Newman et Al. ( 1995 ) argued that the asynchronous environment discouraged pupils from brainstorming and lending new thoughts, but instead encouraged considered, good thought-out parts. Newman et Al. ( 1995 ) developed an extended content analysis technique, based on Garrison ‘s ( 1991 ) theoretical account of critical thought, to code the online and face-to-face parts of pupils on an Information Society faculty. However, they did non code every statement in the transcripts, pretermiting to number or code content that was deemed excessively subjective or interpretative for intending to be faithfully inferred. Therefore, their method of analysis involved sorting merely the obvious illustrations and disregarding content that could non be identified easy as belonging to a peculiar crit ical thought class. Statements were described as frequently demoing more than one index and there was no step of translator dependability as it was hard to clearly specify a unit of analysis. Therefore, the dependability of this method is questionable when trying to objectively measure the nature of educational discourse and the degree of critical thought in face-to-face treatment and online transcripts utilizing a quantitative content analysis technique. The critical thought accomplishments known by the board of experts were reading, analysis, appraisal, tax write-off, description, and self-regulation. If the degree of critical thought in adolescence pupils is measured, it is truly helpful to curriculum developer or who are in charge to educational policy to do the best determination for learning believing accomplishments. In the universe beyond the schoolroom, high school pupils are au naturel to powerful messages that confuse attempts to believe critically. The cardinal demand for critical thought in and beyond formal acquisition in mundane life, relationships, ethical picks, and in the saving and development of participatory democracies grows more and more evident ( Edwards, 2001 ; Halpern, 2003 ; Pithers, 2000 ) . The proliferation of information via the Internet will merely be managed efficaciously by persons with well-developed thought accomplishments. Critical thought used to be thought of as an rational exercising expected merely of an educated influential. This pattern of trusting on a little subdivision of the population to be the minds for society is superseded ( Hay, 2001 ) . Marshak ( 2003 ) writes: The public school system that we have today was constructed during the first two decennaries of the twentieth century. . .public schools were shaped to suit industrial theoretical accounts of efficient industry. One cardinal function for schools was screening kids harmonizing to their evident abilities and promoting many to fall out and travel to work every bit unskilled laborers. In add-on to the academic lower status of the schools that normally serve big alternate populations, economically hard-pressed and alternate households frequently lack the cognition or connexions with establishments that can ease entry into college or a occupational preparation plan, every bit good as possible support beginnings and career options ( Neill, 2003 ; Stanton-Salazar, 1997 ) . This deficiency of societal capital or entree to societal constructions in order to achieve a certain terminal well affects their future chances. It is truly pointed out how these pupils are farther disadvantaged when thei r school experience does non include the development of critical thought accomplishments like job resolution, determination devising, concluding through statement, and acknowledging ways in which they may avoid delicate irresistible impulse into a life style that is counterproductive to puting long-run purposes. High school pupils who do non divert a hereafter that includes station secondary instruction manner out the K-12 grapevine prior to graduation at a much higher rate than their privileged fellow pupils. A recent survey by the Urban Institute ( Orfield, Losen, Wald, A ; Swanson, 2004 ) exposed that the national high school drop-out rate is far greater than the provinces ‘ self-reported rates. In California, the Numberss are peculiarly high, particularly among Afro-american and Hispanic pupils ; merely 57 % of African-Americans and merely 60 % of Latinos graduated in 2002, compared with 78 % of White pupils and 84 % of Asians. The branchings of such big Numberss of drop-outs for the person, their households, and society are profoundly dismaying as are the suggestions that pupils are being forced out by schools seeking higher duty trial tonss ( Harvard University, 2005 ) . Statement of Problem It is clear that adolescence is one of the most critical phases in homo ‘s life span. In this phase, they typically increase the sum of clip spent with their equals. Besides communicating with equals helps them to socialise in society, there are many knowledge accomplishments that may larn by equal interactions. Harmonizing to the cognitive theory striplings start to believe logically. They use theories and programs to work out their jobs, so it could be conveyed critical thought procedure Begin in adolescence. Although it is equivocal in which degree critical thought appear in this phase and does it be affected by societal elements. Furthermore limited research related to critical thought in adolescence was identified. since critical thought in adolescence is subject-specific ( Ennis, 1989 ; Facione, 1990 ; Tindal A ; Nolet, 1995 ; Angeli, 1999 ; Halliday, 2000 ) , and they learn many accomplishments through communicating with equals and society so at that place seems to be a demand for a survey that would explicate the critical thought ability of stripling and its interaction with peer communicating and societal behavior. Theoretical Model This survey based on combination of both cognitive and societal cultural theory: Piaget ( 1958 ) stated striplings begin to believe logically, inventing programs to work out jobs and consistently testing solutions. So harmonizing Piaget theory critical thought should accrue in adolescence. Vygotesky ( 1978 ) accent on the societal component in kids ‘s construction of cognition has led to the coaction with equals helps scholars reach new cognition. Conceptual Model Three chief variables will be utilized in this survey. However, there are any possibilities about the manner of relationship or interaction between them. It is obvious human ecology of participants will be influenced in societal elements ( societal credence and peer communicating ) straight, although it is equivocal which societal variables, societal credence or equal communicating, intercede other variable to critical thought. It is a more possible theoretical account of relationship between variables. Degree centigrades: UsersHomeDesktopUntitled.jpg Justification of Study As a portion of formal operational phase in Piaget theory, procedure of visual aspect of critical believing start in adolescence. Adolescents should get down to take some chief personal and societal determinations in their life. It are seen that 90 % of striplings associate themselves with a equal group. The nature of an stripling ‘s behavior is greatly influenced by his friends and comrades. Research Questions This survey includes three research inquiries that investigate possible interactions between critical thought, societal credence and equal communicating. A Is there significance grounds of critical thought in striplings with high degree in equal communicating? Is there significance grounds of critical thought in striplings with high degree in societal credence? Make critical thought and societal credence and peer communicating interact with each other? Significance of Study This survey has the possible to impact the research participants themselves, and besides the population of adolescence pupils they represent. Bing able to explicate critical thought accomplishment in footings of the independent variables used in the survey could assist course of study developers, pedagogues, and decision makers to develop the critical thought rating and public presentation processs necessary to raise the overall critical thought accomplishments and temperaments of pupils. This survey is of import because many people and organisation could utilize of its determination. This determination will be utile for all educational centres, schools and particularly for The Malaysian Ministry of Education. There is plentiful grounds that a big proportion of high schools inadequately arrange immature people for the real-world demands of work, higher instruction, and mundane life. Primary among the shortages recognized are competences associated with specific higher degree cognitive procedures, or merely set, critical thought. High school alumnuss must be able to judge the credibleness of beginnings, evaluate statements, and separate among facts and sentiment.to evaluate [ the media ] to assist them place possible prejudice†¦ assist them go assurance media consumers. . . to construe, make informations to inform determinations or draw decisions. Students themselves recognize the importance of higher order believing accomplishments in footings of their ability to win as immature grownups. In an online study of over 10,000 high school pupils across the state, over 40 % responded that they did non experience their school experience provided practical and necessary life accomplishments, and over one-third rated their critical thought preparation as fair-to-poor ( National Governor ‘s Association, 2005 ) . General Objective Describe part of critical believing degree in high school pupils. Identify relationship or impact of societal factor on visual aspect of critical thought process.Find an appropriate theoretical account to depict and foretell the relationship between variables Definition of Terminology Conceptual: Adolescent: Adolescent is a transitional phase of physical and mentalA human developmentA by and large happening betweenA pubertyA and legalA maturity ( Viner R 2005 ) .A A Critical thought: critical thought is calculated, self-regulatory determination which consequences in reading, analysis, rating, and tax write-off account of the determination ( Facione, 1990 ) . Peer communicating: equal communicating is the association of equals into little groups that have changing abilities in which all pupils can take part to acquire a common purpose. Social credence: societal credence is the grade to which an stripling is socially accepted by equals. It includes the degree of equal attraction and the easiness with which an stripling can get down and continue acceptable equal relationships. Operational: Adolescent: Harmonizing toA Erikson phase ‘s of human development an stripling is a individual between the ages of 13 and 19 Critical thought: The pre-disposed attitude one of course possesses sing critical thought. The degree of critical thought in participants will be measured through the researcher-developed Engagement, Maturity, and Innovativeness ( EMI ) . Peer communicating: The degree of equal communicating will be measured by The kids ‘s outlooks of societal behavior questionnaire ( Rudolph, Hammen, A ; Burge, 1995 ) and stock list of equal fond regard ( Armsden A ; Greenberg, 1987 ) Social credence: This survey will happen the degree of societal credence through societal credence Asher and Dodge ‘s ( 1986 ) step. Specific Objective Identify the nexus between equal communicating and critical thought Identify the nexus between societal credence and critical thought Did peer communicating intercede the nexus between societal credence and critical thought? Research Hypothesis This survey hunt for placing interacts and impacts of societal elements on critical thought, so there are three hypotheses to expect relationship between variables. There is significance grounds of critical thought in striplings with high degree in equal communicating There is significance grounds of critical thought in striplings with high degree in societal credence Critical thought and societal credence and peer communicating interact with each other. Methodology Research Design: In this quantitative research will be used correlativity design to find the relationship between variables. Besides, descriptive method will be used to depict the distribution of variables Inclusion Standards Ages: all participants will be in adolescence age ( 13-19 ) Gender: They will be approximately every bit split by gender Race and Language: they will be selected approximately every bit among three races ( Malay, Indian, and Chinese ) Sampling and participants Participants will be selected through bunch trying method. Population will be all striplings in KL high schools. Participants will be 300 striplings in KL high schools Data Collection All informations will be collected through questionnaires with good dependability and cogency. Therefore, it could be conveyed self-report questionnaires will be used as a information aggregation technique in this survey. Instrument Four questionnaires will be used in this survey: The researcher-developed Engagement, Maturity, and Innovativeness ( EMI ) critical thought temperament appraisal will be used to mensurate the critical thought temperament of striplings. Adolescents ‘ representations of equals. The Children ‘s Expectations of Social Behaviour Questionnaire ( Rudolph, Hammen, A ; Burge, 1995 ) will be used to tap kids ‘s representations of urine R. Inventory of Peer Attachment ( Armsden A ; Greenberg, 1987 ) to mensurate peer fond regard in striplings. Social credence Asher and Dodge ‘s ( 1986 ) societal credence step will be used in this survey Dependability Adolescents ‘ representations of equals. The Children ‘s Expectations of Social Behavior Questionnaire ( Rudolph, Hammen, A ; Burge, 1995 ) will used to tap striplings ‘ representations of equals. intentionally, this 15-item questionnaire taps striplings ‘ outlooks of their equals ‘ responses to conjectural aversive state of affairss in which a stripling needs aid, keep up, and sensitiveness from his or her equals. This step was made to order to do it allow for state of affairss that involved striplings, and to include a 4-point response format ( instead than a 3-point response format ) runing from ( 1 ) most positive outlook to ( 4 ) most negative outlook ( Cassidy A ; Woodhouse, 1997 ; Appendix B ) . All points will b eupturned scored. For each point, striplings read a sketch picturing a conjectural state of affairs and were so instructed to acknowledge how the equals would reply to the state of affairs. Rudolph et Al. ( 1995 ) accounted good psychom etric belongingss for theprimary step ( e.g. , good internal consistence, test-retest dependabilities and significant concept cogency in a sample of 7-to 12-year-old kids ) . They besides reported good convergent cogency for this step. For illustration, they found that kids who had more negative representations of equals were significantly more likely to exhibit maladaptive societal behaviour and lower societal competency. In that survey, the Cronbach ‘s alpha was 0.76. This step contained a set of written instructions inquiring striplings to â€Å" rate the extent to which you like to be in activities with the undermentioned pupils. † Below this set of instructions, was the same roll of 75 schoolmates that the stripling used in the societal behaviour instrument. Adolescents used a 5-point Liker-type graduated table runing from non at all ( 1 ) to a batch ( 5 ) to do their evaluations. A societal credence mark for each participant was computed based upon evaluations that the participant received from his or her schoolmates. This mark was calculated foremost by taking the mean of all the evaluations for that participant and so standardising this mean within the participant ‘s school. Furthermore, in a longitudinal survey of early striplings, Wentzel and Caldwell ( 1997 ) reported significant test-retest dependability and prognostic cogency, bespeaking that societal credence mediated by prosocial behaviour was related to striplings Ã¢â‚¬Ë œ GPA during 6th and 8th class. From the original 60 point critical thought pilot temperament trial, point and scale dependability analysis left a graduated table with 30 points and an overall Cronbach ‘s alpha of 0.86. The Innovativeness concept was represented by seven points and a standardised Cronbach ‘s alpha of 0.79, the Maturity concept was represented by six points and a standardised Cronbach ‘s alpha of 0.75, and the Engagement concept was represented by 13 points and a standardised Cronbach ‘s alpha of 0.89. These dependability estimations were deemed really high utilizing the standard standards ( R = 0.65 to 0.75 ) of Norris and Ennis ( 1989 ) . Extra statistics, such as each point ‘s mean, standard divergence, corrected item-total correlativity, and alpha if the point were deleted are reported in Table 3-3. Items were retained if they did non hold utmost agencies ; had what was considered to be adequate variableness in responses ; had corrected item-total correlativities ov er 0.2 ; and would do the dependability of the graduated table stronger. After the pilot trial tonss were analyzed and the strongest graduated table was identified, the research worker added points to the Maturity concept to include a broader representation of facets of the Maturity temperament. This left the new EMI instrument with 33 points. Peer fond regard graduated tables ( a = .90 ) consisted of 25 points and were rated on a five-point graduated table ( sample points: †my parents/friends understand me † ) . Each of the subscales ( trust, disaffection, and communicating ) was submitted to a Personal computer factor analysis and a parallel factor emerged for both parent and peer fond regard. The factor from the parent graduated tables was labelled †parental secure fond regard † ( k = 2.41 % ; 80.4 % of the discrepancy ) and consisted of trust ( .91 ) and communicating ( .88 ) , which loaded positively and disaffection, which loaded negatively ( _0.90 ) . The factor from the equal graduated tables was labelled †peer secure fond regard † ( k = 2.31 % ; 77.1 % of the discrepancy ) and consisted of trust ( .92 ) and communicating ( .91 ) , which loaded positively and disaffection, which loaded negatively ( _.80 ) . Data Analysis Method Mean, manner and discrepancy will be used to depict part of informations T-test will be used to place the nexus between variablesMultiple arrested development analyses will be used to place direct and indirect nexus between variables that mediated by other variables. Statistical Package for Social Science ( SPSS ) will be used to analysis all informations. How to cite Social Acceptances And Critical Thinking In Adolescents Education Essay, Essay examples

Mobile Phone and Music free essay sample

The companys catalogue includes arioso tracks and mobile music derivatives. Its online music stores are distributed through soundboard and Windows Media Player 10. The company was founded in 1999 and is headquartered in Singapore. Singapore. The number you just called is not in use. Thank you. Ringing the SoundBits headquarters hotlist got us nowhere, confirming that its doors have been shuttered in preparation for its pending closure.On the SoundBits site, a notice tells readers that the music downloads site will closing down on July 15, I may not be a regular user of Its online store, but first came across SoundBits hen a coupon for a couple of free song downloads fell out as I was unfixing my IAMB Creative Move TX player way back then. Yup, the online store has around that long, and news of its upcoming closure evoked sweet nostalgia and that song Video Killed the Radio Star, which describes a singer whose career is cut short by TV. Founded in 1999. The company was one of the first online music stores in Singapore legalizing music downloads. In the face of rampant piracy, this was already a struggle for the site. However, keeping relevant became increasingly difficult as mobile phone ants like Monika, Sony Ericson, even Apple started to launch their own music download stores or partner with telecoms for one. Motorola, which bought SoundBits in 2008, was to have been its trump card. However, even the us company wasnt able to help Itself when Its mobile phone and Momentous business started to falter In the face of aggressive competition and the current downturn.Motorola had acquired SoundBits originally to expand Its Momentous service out of China and Into the rest of Asia. Before Its closure announcement, SoundBits operated in the Southeast Asia region, Australia, Hong Kong, India and China. The Singapore companys history is far from whimsical. In 2000, SoundBits formed a partnership with Locos Asia to provide the portal with downloaded digital music. It also attracted Creative which took a 18 percent stake in the company.Creative went on to launch the SoundBits Music Video Store in 2005, with partners that Included Millionths Group in Australia, and Singlet and MI in Singapore. Its an ironic end for a company that held its own ground when it came out selling legit music in 1999, a year when services such as Aziza and Anapest were famous for providing free music and survived the dotcom bust in 2001. As a final service to its customers, SoundBits advises its customers to back up their songs into an audio CD before it shuts down for good on July 15. Hat can we say but so long, SoundBits, and thanks for all the.. . Music. SoundBits, one of the first online music sources in Singapore, is officially shutting its store commonly 1 5, even as more online music stores are opening with a wave of optimism surrounding music downloads. In a note to subscribers last Friday, as well as on its website, the company said everything will be taken down after July 1 5 midnight, marking a sorry end to a bright dot. Mom poster boy of yesteryear.The closure will come Just 18 months after Motorola said it was acquiring the Singapore- based SoundBits, in a bid to boost its Momentous service and sell its music-enabled phones. The service had been launched in India in June 2008, though prices were still higher than what you could get with a CD, which offered higher-quality music. Along Ninth the dramatic demise of Motorolas mobile phone business in the past two years, SoundBits now also faces closure of its own. Its an ironic end for a company that seemed ahead of its time when it came out selling legit music in 1999 at the dawn f illegal downloads.Many were surprised at the time, when SoundBits CEO Shadbush Cornwall, a former MET stalwart, managed to court the music labels even when they were more interested in blocking people from ripping CDC. Its music collection was built up very fast, providing users in Singapore with a legit alternative to pirated songs. But soon, the competition came for Suds and his company. Rough Apple tunes is still not officially here in Singapore now, Monika has recently launched its music store here. And Sony Ericson too, has partnered Singlet to offer a direct-to-mobile music download service. SoundBits, meanwhile, was a much smaller player and had a less extensive music collection. Plus, it somehow only supported the Internet Explorer browser, likely because of its Windows Media back- end, which kept out a lot of users. The final nail in the coffin must have been its sale to Motorola, a company that invented the cellophane and won millions over with the Iconic Razz phone, but somehow still managed to lose direction in its cellophane business thanks to poor management and decision-making.Before SoundBits shuts its store, it advises users to download and back up all the stuff they bought. Users should burn the tracks into CDC, because they would not be available for re- download and no licenses will be given for them should you transfer your songs to new PC or hard disk. According to SoundBits: We recommend that you burn these songs (in CD-Audio format using Windows Media Player or other compatible software media players) to a CD-R so that you have back up of your tracks a nd can enjoy them over time.Further downloads or license May easier, legit and DRUM-free music take your place. SINGAPORE, Jan. 7 / Previews-Piratical/ Motorola, Inc. (NYSE: MOT) today announced that it has signed a definitive agreement to acquire SoundBits Pet. Ltd. , a privately held, leading pan-Asian music provider. Terms of the transaction were not disclosed. The acquisition, which is subject to customary conditions, is expected to close in the first quarter of 2008. Through its MOMENTOUS service, Motorola has more than two years experience delivering mobile music to consumers with its carrier customers in China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. The acquisition of SoundBits allows Motorola to expand MOMENTOUS beyond China, into India, Southeast Asia, Australia and New Zealand. With well over 0 percent of all digital music content in Asia sold via mobile channels, a level expected to remain in the coming years, Motorolas strength in music delivery will help its carrier customers access this growth opportunity.Soundnesss multi-region music delivery platform enables the purchase and distribution of digital content through over-the-air and wired broadband connections. The companys end-to-end system includes subscriber management, content management, payment, client software and media delivery technologies. The company maintains a consumer-facing brand, SoundBits, and will continue to revive white-label services to carrier customers that offer tailored solutions for Multimedia delivery. We are very pleased to announce this transaction with SoundBits. It will provide Motorola with one of the most extensive music libraries in the Asia Pacific region, advance our music and video offerings in Australia and South East Asia, and build on the success of our MITOSIS Services in China, said Bill Werner, senior vice president, future solutions and technology for mobile devices. We are delighted to Unwelcome Soundnesss strong management whose extensive region specific experience in the music and video industries will enhance the strength of our mobile device teams. Motorolas dedication to enhancing the digital music experience in Asia complements our own objectives and makes it the ideal partner, said Shadbush Cornwall, CEO of SoundBits. This combination will help us extend our platform and create exciting growth opportunities for Soundnesss employees and our partner music labels. Further, our customers will benefit from the technological advancements that we expect to deliver as part of a global leader in mobile communications. Headquarter ed in Singapore, SoundBits has access to one of the most extensive music libraries in the Asia-Pacific region, through licenses from Sony BMW, MI, Manner Music International and Universal Music Group, as well as over 45 Independent record labels in Asia, the U. S. And Europe. Motorola intends to maintain Soundnesss Singapore headquarters, which will be an integral component About SoundBits SoundBits is Saiss largest online and mobile music company, with its 50-plus collective stores attracting the majority of online and wireless purchases. The company operates its own store, http://www. Undoubted. Mom, as well as providing content and/or technology infrastructure to partners such as Hutchison 3, Motorola, Airtime, Singlet, MI, Opts Zoo, Tellers, Bighorn Music, Windows Media Player 10, Creative Technology and SONY BMW. With more than 750,000 tracks available to download, SoundBits is a one-stop- shop for music, where music lovers can buy and download their favorite tracks onto their PCs, portable music players and mobile phones. About Motorola Motorola is known around the world for innovation and leadership in wireless and broadband communications. Inspired by our vision of seamless mobility, the people of Motorola are committed to helping you connect simply and seamlessly to the people, information, and entertainment that you want and need. We do this by designing and delivering must have products, must do experiences and powerful networks along with a full complement of support services. A Fortune 100 company with global presence and impact, Motorola had sales of US $42. 8 billion in 2006. For more information about our company, our people and our innovations, please visit http://www. Troll. Com. Business Risks Certain statements contained in this press release, including the expected imitable for completing the proposed transaction between Motorola and SoundBits, future financial and operating results, benefits and synergies of the transaction, future opportunities for the combined company and products, any other statements regarding Motorolas or Soundnesss future expectations, beliefs, goals or prospects and any statements that are not statements of historical facts might be considered forward-looking statements.While these forward-looking statements represent managements current Judgment of future events, they are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those dated in the forward-looking statements.

King`s Rebellion Essays - Nonviolence, Community Organizing

King`s Rebellion "...A little rebellion now and then is a good thing...It is a medicine necessary for the sound health of government." Thomas Jefferson Thoreau, a transcendentalist from the mid 19th century and Martin Luther King Jr., the Civil Rights movement leader of a century later both believed the necessity of medicine for government. Although they showed disagreement of opinion on issues regarding voting, both writers agreed on the necessity to reform the government and the means of accomplishing it. In King's Letter from Birmingham Jail and Thoreau's Civil Disobedience, both agreed on injustice of majority to rule over minority, both resisted the government passively, and both wanted a better government immediately. The majority is not necessarily right, but they have always been the ones in power because they are the strongest and the most influential. Therefore, all the laws are written by the majority, almost all are in favor of the majority, and all are enforced by the majority. According to King, a law drafted by the majority is only just when the minority are willing to follow it. He wrote "An unjust law is a code that a numerical or power majority group compels a minority group to obey but does not make binding on itself" (2:475). In other words, if a law denies the right of the minority or is inflicted upon the minority by force, then it is not a just law. Similar opinions are shared by Thoreau, when he writes "But a government in which the majority rule in all cases cannot be based on justice..."(1:1425). Both agreed that if a law is unjust, it is the duty of the opposition to break the law, and do what they believe to be right. Once a law is broken, the person must be willing to accept the consequences, which may be the penalty of imprisonment. Although laws may be unjust, but it must be respected regardless. King fears that anarchy will result if laws are not respected; Thoreau describes that rebellion will be the consequence if laws are not given respect. Consequently, both chooses to passively resist the laws they believed that are against their morals, and are prepared to accept imprisonment . The exercise of passive resistance is the basis of the title of Thoreau's work, and King presents several examples of "civil disobedience" in his letter, including the Boston Tea Party. King not only exercises passive resistance, he also provides the procedure to be followed for any nonviolent campaign. They are: collection of the facts to determine whether injustice exist; negotiation; self-purification; and direct action (2:471). He points out that he has gone through all the steps, and direct action is what brought him to the Birmingham Jail. Recognition of injustice and passive resistance described by both authors is to point out the need of government reformation. Thoreau calls for a better government, immediately, and points out that the fastest way to improve government is to "let every man make know what kind of government would command his respect, and that will be one step toward obtaining it" (1:1425). King does not directly states the need to reform government, but instead, he states the need to reform the existing social structure, which goes hand in hand with governmental progress. He advocates social equality and racial justice, believing "Anyone who lives inside the United States can never be considered an outsider anywhere within its bounds" (2:471), and passively fighting against unjust laws forced upon the minority. Even though Thoreau agreed with King on the issues, he also made contradictory statements directly against what he supported. He wrote "If the injustice is part of the necessary friction of the machine of government, let it go, let it go..." stating that if injustice was inevitable and helped to improve government, then it was justified. Opposed to his passive resistance, he also justified bloodshed as he stated "But even suppose blood should flow. Is there not a sort of blood shed when the conscience is wounded?" (1:1432). As for improvements to government, he believed "That government is best which governs not at all" (1:1425). Thoreau's writing is vague, and mostly an appeal to the intellect, which sharply contrasted with the writing of King, an appeal to the emotion of the readers. Although both writing made similar points, they are also a sharp contrast of the other and undoubtedly very unique.

Borderline Personality Disorder

Borderline Personality Disorder Abstract The purpose of the paper is to describe the growth of the borderline personality disorder diagnosis, underlining the cause, symptoms, medications, and psychotherapy used to treat BPD. Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a behavior disorder brought about by long-standing disruption of personality function and described by strange inconsistency and intensity of moods.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Borderline Personality Disorder specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Such moods can also distress interpersonal and cognition affairs. The main causes of BPD are childhood trauma, desertion, or abuse, but medical analysts have also stated that genetic inclinations, environmental aspects, and brain defects, as well as neurobiological aspects are among the attributes. The research was done through internet sources and books, such as Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV-TR and other medic al sources. The results show that borderline personality disorder can be cured through medicine and psychotherapy approaches, such as Dialectical Behavior Therapy, Schema Focused Therapy, Metallization Based Therapy, and Transference Focused Psychotherapy. Introduction DSM-IV-TR describes Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), according to Axis II, as persistent sequence of instability of interpersonal relations, personality, and impact that started during early adulthood and found in a range of situations provided in several frameworks (Clarkin Foelsch, 2010). The initial criterion includes impulsivity in certain areas that are possibly self-damaging, such as too much spending, careless driving, drug abuse, and sexual practices. According to American Psychiatric Association (2000, p. 706), â€Å"the essential feature of Borderline Personality Disorder is a pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity that begins by early adulthood and is present in a variety of contexts.† This paper discuses the causes, symptoms, and treatment, (types of talk therapy and medications) of borderline personality disorder (BPD). Causes of Borderline Personality Disorder Just like other mental disorders, the causes of borderline personality disorder (BPD) are complex and not entirely identified. The main causes of BPD are childhood trauma, desertion, or abuse, but medical analysts have also stated that genetic inclinations, environmental aspects, and brain defects, as well as neurobiological aspects are among the attributes. There are studies that assert that post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD) and personality disorders are directly associated and suggest that borderline personality disorder could be brought about by a combination that may engage a traumatic upbringing, hectic maturational incidences and a vulnerable character within the adulthood and teenage stages.Advertising Looking for resea rch paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Research has reported a strong connection between childhood abuse, particularly childhood sexual abuse, and progress of borderline personality disorder. Several people undergoing BPD have the possibility of childhood abuse and abandonment during their early years (Clarkin Foelsch, 2010). Borderline Personality Disorder Symptoms Symptoms of BPD consist of instability of interpersonal relations, personality, and moods, along with the series of spontaneous behaviors. People undergoing BPD primarily go through such symptoms that started during adolescence stage or early adulthood, and they are likely to be reported for many years (Butcher, Mineka, Hooley, 2007). Individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD) often fear being deserted by loved ones, families, or partners and frequently bearing in mind or imagining that loved ones are abandoning them, even wh en the situation is not true. They also experience deep relationships with piles of divides and differences or conflict, and they have some regular arguments with partners and loved ones (Herman Perry, 2009). Borderline Personality Disorder Management Psychotherapy Continuous outpatient psychotherapy, or talk therapy, is an essential section of all interventions for borderline personality disorder, and studies have reported that numerous kinds of psychotherapy are valuable in reducing the symptoms of BPD. Psychotherapy, or talk therapy, and medications are normally used to treat BPD, but most studies have shown more recommendation on psychotherapy over medications. There are several steps and types of psychotherapy that treat BPD and include Dialectical Behavior Therapy, Schema Focused Therapy, Metallization Based Therapy, and Transference Focused Psychotherapy. Dialectical Behavior Therapy Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) is a cognitive behavioral therapy that shows it is a ther apy that concentrates on the function of behaviors (for example actions) and cognition (feelings and beliefs) in the progress and the intervention of BPD. DBT encompasses various changes to the usual cognitive behavioral aspects of therapy so that it can help particularly decrease the symptoms of BPD. Normally, DBT includes a mixture of online coaching, private psychotherapy, and group skill guidance, even though some exemptions are present. People under DBT are requested to assess their symptoms and to apply the acquired skills daily, whereas their development is monitored during therapy. There are some major kinds of skills that are contained in dialectical behavior therapy skills training (Herman Perry, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Borderline Personality Disorder specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The first is mindfulness medication skill that focuses on training to observe, ex-plain, and engage in every experience, which includes feelings, beliefs, sensations, and elements that occur outwardly in the environment without classifying such experiences as ‘bad’ or ‘good.’ Interpersonal effectiveness skill is the second skill that concentrates on learning to declare effectively your necessities and to control conflict with other loved ones or friends. Finally, emotion regulation skill is a section that enables people with BPD to discover and control emotional behaviors. Schema Focused Therapy SFT is a kind of talk therapy that concentrates on understanding and changing specific unsafe approaches of thinking with the intention of solving the issue of borderline personality disorder (BPD). Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is contained in this section of talk therapy and often engages in other ways of psychotherapy that seem to improve the status of patients with BPD. The intention of this type of talk therapy is that when some requirements of children in their early stages (for example parental love, protection, appreciation) are not met sufficiently or appropriately, children generate unsafe approaches of adapting and interacting with the environment they reside. Schema theory suggests that some of the symptoms of borderline personality disorder are brought about by irresistible childhood experiences (for example mistreatment or abandonment from caregivers), which bring about the creation of maladaptive early schemas. The primary objectives of SFT for borderline personality disorder are to make out the appropriate schemas of patient and to connect these schemas to previous incidences and existing symptoms of BPD (Herman Perry, 2009). Mentalization Based Therapy Mentalization Based Therapy (MBT) used to treat BDP is a kind of talk therapy or psychotherapy that concentrates on the aptitude to ‘mentalize’ or distinguish desires, needs, emotions, and beliefs, and observe the ways these inner situations are connected t o behavior. MBT applied in borderline personality disorder is a psychodynamic psychotherapy that signifies that the concentration of therapy is on the connection between the person with BPD and the therapist. In this process, the therapist will concentrate on the existing (instead of the past) and will help the patient to improve or recover mentalization ability.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To help this, the therapist asks the patient the questions concerning the way his thoughts or feelings are linked to his daily behavior in the session. In MBT, the therapist will not provide recommendation or views, but therapist will help patient determine inner situations and can help create new approaches of mentalizing (Trulla Sher, 2006). Transference Focused Therapy Transference Focused Therapy (TFT) used to treat BPD is a psychotherapy that concentrates on applying patient’s relationship with the therapist to alter the way patient connects with other people in the globe or during daily activities. Therapists under this process of TFT for borderline personality disorder consider that the main issues that bring about the BPD’s symptoms are linked to dysfunctional relationships during early ages that go on to influence teenager and adult relationship performance. Rather than the therapist addressing issues concerning the way the patient relates to caregivers, the patient spends usual time addressing issues concerning the way he is relating to his therapist. The therapist is also likely to stay unbiased in his kind of psychotherapy (Trulla Sher, 2006). For instance, the therapist will not provide the patient their views or opinions and does not engage in activities outside the therapy session, apart from instances of emergencies. Borderline Personality Disorder Medications The medications for BPD have been reported to decrease various borderline personality disorder symptoms, but there are inadequate medications accepted by medication body to cure BPD. Additionally, medications can be applied to care for psychological situations that regularly reappear with borderline personality disorder. Medications can be mainly useful for BPD when they are applied together with psychotherapy and other interventions. While antidepressants were precisely generated for people with extreme depressive disorder and other major disorders based on low mood, seve ral people experiencing BPD are provided such medications (Trulla Sher, 2006). However, these medications appear not to have an effective impact on other symptoms of the disorder, such as impulsivity and anger. Conclusion This discussion suggests that childhood emotional or physical abuse and abandonment are widely believed to cause borderline personality disorder and related to indicators of medical severity among people living with BPD. Childhood abuse and physical or emotional abuses are reported that they are interpreters of both antisocial and paranoid personality disorder, and such conclusions help categorize previous remarks of the connection between childhood sexual abuse and borderline personality disorder. Psychotherapy, or talk therapy, and medications are normally used to treat BPD, but most studies have shown more recommendation on psychotherapy over medications. There are several steps and types of psychotherapy that treat BPD and include Dialectical Behavior Therapy, Schema Focused Therapy, Metallization Based Therapy, and Transference Focused Psychotherapy. References American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition: DSM-IV-TR. New York: American Psychiatric Pub. Butcher, J., Mineka, S., Hooley, J. (2007). Abnormal Psychology. Boston: Pearson Education. Clarkin, J., Foelsch, P. (2010). The Development of a Psychodynamic Treatment for Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder: A Preliminary Study of Behavioral Change. Journal of Personality Disorders, 15(6): 487-495. Herman, J., Perry, C. (2009). Childhood Trauma in Borderline Personality Disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 146(4): 490-495. Trulla, T., Sher, K. (2006). Borderline Personality Disorder and Substance Use Disorders: A Review and Integration. Clinical Psychology Review, 20(2): 235–253. Borderline Personality Disorder Borderline Personality Disorder, abbreviated as BPD, is a personality disorder characterized by pervasive and persistently unstable emotions, self-image and interpersonal relationships. Due to the stated instability of emotions in victims of the disorder, the victims usually have an overly impulsive character.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Borderline Personality Disorder specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This makes the individual unable to have healthy interpersonal relationships and thus the person undergoes a lot of problems at home and even at work. The worst thing about BPD is, perhaps, the fact that its victim does not easily realize that he/she has a personality disorder and thus he/she may not seek help. Due to increased awareness and concerns about BPD, its treatment has greatly improved over the years. Among its many treatments is psychotherapy in which either the victim or a group of vulnerable pe ople are taken through therapy. This kind of therapy works best if the patient is given time by an empathetic and non-judgmental therapist to talk about the difficulties he/she is currently experiencing and also the difficulties he/she has experienced in the past. The therapy should also be properly planned so as to ensure it is consistent and bound to bear fruit. Barely two decades ago a therapy procedure known as, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, was invented for specifically treating BPD. Recent research on the effectiveness of the procedure is very promising (Grohol 1). The studies show that its effectiveness is even higher than individual psychotherapy. There are also pharmacological solutions to the BPD problem. The prescriptions are given depending on the severity of the symptoms shown by the victim. Among the prescriptions are mood stabilizers and antidepressants which help get rid of moodiness in patients of BPD. An example of an anti-depressant that can be used is lithium car bonate.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In cases where the thinking of the patient is distorted, the doctor may prescribe antipsychotic drugs which greatly help the patient. The therapist must also ensure that he/she treats problems related to drug abuse for the patient to benefit from the therapy sessions. It may also be necessary to hospitalize the patient for some time if he/she shows self-destructive characteristics like suicide. The hospitalization will come in handy as a relief from the external stress that the patient may be experiencing. After treatment, the patient should be able to tolerate anxiety, control impulses, have an increased sense of self-worth and be able to make stable relationships (Paris 1). Prevention of BPD is, arguably, more difficult than its treatment. Research shows that people who develop BPD have an innate disposition of having more intense reactions to small stressful conditions than other people. From this statement, it is clear that BPD is genetic. This is despite the fact that a person may develop the Personality Disorder if he/she is unable to maturely and wisely handle stressful experiences that occurred in the past and present challenges. However, to prevent the occurrence of BPD in such people, they should be raised without abusive experiences in their childhood and mentored to develop a calm attitude towards dealing with stressful conditions (Corelli 1). They should also learn to be active in coming up with pragmatic solutions to personal and societal problems. This will enable then to shun a passive character in times of crisis which has been proven to lead to a more impulsive character. Children who develop this disorder at early stages of their lives should be facilitated to be engaged in more social activities that can help them develop good interpersonal skills. By passing through a variety of soc ial experiences and getting appropriate advice and guidance in times of distress, such children can shun BPD and grow up to be normal adults. BPD is prevalent for people who are in the early adulthood stage. Its victims usually have a history of unstable relationship patterns which is mostly as a result of early disappointments in social interactions and self-image. The unstable pattern of interactions and emotions reveals itself in different settings and it does not only exhibit itself at home or at work. One of the reasons why BPD is not diagnosed in minors is due to the developmental changes that occur at this age. However, people under the age of 18 years may still be diagnosed with the disorder in the case of a pervasive disturbance and holistic criteria (Gunderson 1).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Borderline Personality Disorder specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As evidenced in the discussion above, BPD is one of the most complicated personality disorders. It occurs in individuals who may even deny having any personality disorder and affects their lives adversely. BPD patients are characterized with job losses, school drop outs, inability to keep friends for long and inability to have a healthy personal life. It is therefore of essence that individuals with this problem be approached by concerned parties and be given the appropriate treatment. Better still, if a person is identified as being in the process of developing BPD, he/she should be advised accordingly and facilitated to avoid developing the disorder. All in all, BPD is a serious disorder that shatters the life of its victim by making him/her unable to function in a society. Corelli, Richard. â€Å"Borderline Personality Disorder†. 2010 – January 4, 2011, https://web.stanford.edu/~corelli/borderline.html Grohol, John. â€Å"Borderline Personality Disorder†. 2010 – January 4, 2011, https://p sychcentral.com/disorders/borderline-personality-disorder/symptoms/ Gunderson, John. Borderline Personality Disorder: a clinical guide. New York. Barnes Noble, 2008. Print. Paris, Joel. â€Å"Borderline Personality Disorder: What is it? What causes it? How can we treat it?† 2003. Web.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

Writing Within Limitations

Writing Within Limitations Writing Within Limitations Writing Within Limitations By Michael A writer cant do anything he or she wants. Every human being you too is bound by limitations. Our readers are limited because they are human. A skillful writer learns to work with these limitations. Dont overload the emotions of your readers. Escalating the emotional level of your story makes it interesting, you may say, so why not do it unceasingly? If one or two spies add tension to a novel, why not include forty-eight or forty-nine spies? Because the human mind can only handle so much stress (and so many characters). Thats why writers use comic relief. While reading about tragic events, its restful to read a little comedy. Skilled writers give their readers time to breathe before taking away their breath again. Dont stretch the credibility of your readers. When I was a young student, my teacher taught us a big word: verisimilitude, meaning lifelikeness. That is, readers dont mind if a story didnt really happen, but they do mind if it couldnt have really happened. That is, readers demand that characters display the sense and emotions of real people (even if the characters are three-eyed aliens). For example, with a well-written magical fantasy, somehow it becomes easy to believe that people can fly through the air, but hard to believe the hero wouldnt fly through the air to rescue his beloved. Its physically impossible to fly without wings, but its psychologically impossible to love someone without caring about them. I dont think this preference is a choice, but rather an unavoidable part of human psychology, similar to our expectation that pushing an object will move it away from us we couldnt stand a world where the opposite happens. To explain why modern people can accept supernatural s tories, Samuel Taylor Coleridge coined the phrase willing suspension of disbelief. Dont overload the patience of your readers. Wise teachers say, The mind can only absorb what the seat can endure. If a lecture goes on so long that a student becomes physically uncomfortable, he or she will have trouble learning from it. In the same way, you want readers to say about your book, I couldnt put it down, but you should still include chapter breaks stopping places where they can eat and sleep. The cliff-hanger technique of carrying suspense across chapter divisions can get to be too much, especially if the suspense isnt warranted. Then came a knock at the door. Her heart pounded. Could this be her long lost true love? Chapter Six She opened the door. It was the postman, who handed her a cable TV bill. Length is obviously a factor in how patient your readers can be, but that doesnt apply only to your book as a whole. Your reader will become restless with any passage that seems too long to them, such as your description of the setting. He or she will skip ahead, looking for quotation marks and white space. Of course, some of the best-selling books of all time have been long books. They have also been interesting books. I still say, if they cant lift it, they wont read it. Dont forget to research commonly known facts. Some writers keep researching when they should just start writing. But if a fact can easily be checked, make sure its accurate. A recent novel by one of my favorite authors seemed to depend on the premise that Irish people have supernatural powers. Because I live in a country (the United States) where there are more Irish people than in Ireland, I can easily test that premise, so I was disappointed by the book. If she had written about Cornish or Manx people instead, I wouldnt know if she were right or wrong, because I dont know any Cornish or Manx people. When your readers catch you in an obvious error, they can say I personally know that setting or event, but you apparently dont, and they may decide not to read your book. Facts tied to emotions are particularly sensitive. Dont flippantly change the facts behind the founding of my nation or my faith, or I will be annoyed. Dont try to display a superlative. Writers with big ideas can fall into this trap. Its one thing to say that your character is the wisest or funniest person in the history of the world, or the most brilliant or the most intelligent. Its another thing to show your readers an example of exactly what you think that means, which you will as soon as your character opens his mouth. Because at that point, they can instantly decide if they believe you. For example, once your character tells a joke, they will decide for themselves if he is really the funniest person in the world. Heres my example of displaying a superlative: She looked out over the formally-dressed audience, glancing at the head of the Swedish Academy which was now awarding her the Nobel Prize for literature. As everyone in the hall held his or her breath, she unfolded the manuscript of her most famous poem and began to read. If youre writing this, you should draw a veil over the scene right here. Dont actually quote the poem, unless you think you already deserve a Nobel Prize for literature. Can you get away with passing off your own work as an example of a Nobel Prize-winning poem? Ayn Rand, the author of Atlas Shrugged, The Fountainhead and The Virtue of Selfishness, was not afraid of displaying a superlative. In her novel Atlas Shrugged, important people suddenly disappear when they hear John Galts message. We wonder, what could that message be? Well, Rand spends 70 pages telling us, leaving nothing to the imagination. Writers are well advised to show, dont tell. But by this point in Rands life, telling had become more important than showing. So she lost any readers mystified by the question of What is making these important people suddenly disappear? but disappointed by the answer. That is, she lost the readers who couldnt believe what she was now displaying. Good writers know their limits. Once you say something, your readers will use their own judgment to decide whether its believable. They dont need to use their imaginations anymore. And you dont want your readers to stop using their imaginations. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Writing Prompts 101How to Pronounce Mobile5 Erroneously Constructed â€Å"Not Only . . . But Also† Sentences

Astronomy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Astronomy - Assignment Example Besides, Earth does not comprise uniform layers. Instead, the layers are made up of tectonic plates that can move with respect to each other. When too much heat accumulates in the interior of Earth, it struggles to find its way out, and this has been happening ever since the creation of Earth. The molten lava once emerged on the surface of Earth cools down gradually, thereby getting transformed into huge rocks and mountains. It is this tendency of the Earth’s internal heat to come out that causes the geological activity of the Earth. In addition to that, the relatively large size of the Earth among other terrestrial planets enables it to store a lot of energy / heat in its core which largely comprises iron and the temperature there can be even higher than that of the Sun. The resulting heat ultimately finds its way out through the movement of the tectonic plates thereby resulting in the Earth’s geological

Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Finance - Essay Example To conduct this purpose commercial banks tend to lend money to private individuals as well as organizations so these individuals and organizations can use this money to make further investments and conduct expenses. Another purpose of such banks is to accept deposits made by individuals and organizations (Viney, 2009, p.50). Commercial banks even conduct several secondary functions which include: creation of credit, funds transfer and services that are general in nature. Sources and Use of Funds The main source of finance for commercial bank which contributes heavily to its cash inflow is deposits. Deposits are regarded as the money that a particular commercial bank’s account holder transfers to the bank for the purpose of safekeeping in order to use this money whenever the account holder needs it. These deposits are added by two kinds of account holders, these include those who have a saving account and who hold a current account. Other than deposits, commercial banks even at tain funds through the act of borrowing money. Commercial banks do not normally borrow money but in order to respond to short term financing needs it borrows money from other banks or they even borrow money through the Federal Reserve (Madura, 2011, p.442). Banks even earn money through by charging for the various services it provides to its account holders from those who have borrowed money. Those who borrow money pay interest which is the return that commercial banks attain for providing the service of borrowing money. Commercial banks even obtain finances by putting up its stock for sale on the stock market; this is mostly done when the bank wants to expand in size. There are different uses of a commercial bank’s funds, they primarily use their funds in order to lend money and this is the main way through which they earn profit for their services. These loans are provided for a particular period of time and the bank charges a fixed rate of interest on these loans and in or der to provide loans, they obtain collateral in shape of property and assets from the borrowers (Viney, 2009, p.60). In most cases the collateral is the asset that is being financed by the commercial bank itself. These loans are provided for the purpose of consumer lending and organizational lending. Another primary use of the funds of banks includes purchase of securities that are short term in nature. Banks even use their funds to conduct activities that are not stated on the balance sheet of the bank. These activities include: forward contracts, standby letter of credit and others. Commercial Banks and Businesses Commercial banks are of great importance to any business or organizations. The main way in which a business uses a commercial bank is that a commercial bank is a source of finance for a business. Both large organizations as well as small and medium sized organizations rely on commercial banks for financial purposes. There are several reasons due to which a business may b orrow money from a particular commercial bank. Businesses obtain loans for the purpose of commercial mortgages, this means that when a business wants to purchase a new building or a factory or any other asset it resort to commercial mortgages. Businesses even obtain loans for the purpose of the purchase of new equipments so the business can obtain equipments and machinery in order to remain competitive in the market (Madura, 2011, p.450). A major reason due to which organizations borrow

Tang Song Dynasty Essay Example for Free

Tang Song Dynasty Essay After the fall of the Han Dynasty, China saw much chaos similar to what happened in Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire. Unlike Europe though, China was eventually reunited. The Tang Dynasty was the next Chinese Dynasty to unite China for an extended amount of time. Tang Culture The Tang dynasty is known as the golden age of Chinese culture. The capital of the Tang Dynasty, Chang-an, became incredibly wealthy and supported the flowering of Chinese culture. Due to the popularity of the Silk Road trade routes, Chang-an became a meeting place of many different cultures and religions: Christianity, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, and Islam all influenced Tang culture. Syrians, Jews, Arabs, Persians, Koreans, Tibetans, and Japanese all lived side by side with the Chinese of Chang-an. In 636, Christians from Syria were allowed to build a church and hold Christian services barely six hundred years after the founding of Christianity and less than three hundred years after Christianity had become the state religion of Rome. The foreigners not only brought in new religions, but new clothes, cuisine, literature, and music as well. The imperial court itself had several performing troupes of actors and musicians gathered from surrounding nations permanently performing at the court. Among their cultural achievements, the Tang craftsmen excelled in making porcelain and jade pottery, utensils and sculptures. Tang weavers advanced their silk-weaving, making clothes much softer and more extravagant than what Europeans were wearing in their scratchy wool. Porcelain and silk were in high demand, furthering increasing the trade between the world and China. Poetry became a popular subject for all these new readers. The poet Li Po  (701-762) became quite popular. His poetry focused on simple language that allowed the reader to immediately understand his emotions. He loved to celebrate the beauty of life and nature and wanted to share that love. Questions: Tang Dynasty 1. Describe how foreign cultures were viewed in China during this time? 2. During the Tang Dynasty, what goods were in high demand on the Silk Road? AFTER YOU READ BOTH ARTICLES!!!!! (ONE ON THE BACK) RANK THE TOP FIVE IMPORTANT ACHIEVEMENTS FROM THE TANG AND SONG DYNASTIES IN ORDER AND EXPLAIN WHY!!!!!!!!! The Song Dynasty, 960-1279 AD Eventually, the Tang Dynasty fell under pressure from outside invasions and domestic rebellions. The Song Dynasty soon took control over China after the fall of the Tang. The Song Economy Under the Song Dynasty, China experienced an agricultural and commercial revolution. Chinese farmers saw their production and wealth increase  dramatically. For hundreds of years Chinese dynasties had required peasants to do free manual labor for the government each year. This was how China built the Great Wall and roads. All the time they spent working for the government, was less time they worked on their fields. The Song Dynasty eliminated forced labor. Secondly, farmers were allowed to buy and sell land for the first time. You see, some people are just better at jobs than other people. By letting farmers buy and sell land, good farmers could buy land from bad farmers and produce more crops on that land. These two factors resulted in a phenomenal increase in agricultural production, and the wealth of the government and individual farmer increased significantly (though most farmers never became â€Å"wealthy.†) The most important economic innovation of the Song was the widespread use of money. China was the first country to use both paper and coin money. This helped China in 2 ways. First off, peasants used to have to pay their taxes in grain. The Song Dynasty now allowed farmers to pay their taxes in money. Since they no longer needed to grow grain, this freed up weak farmers to sell their farms and go get jobs they’d be better at in cities. Anytime you give people more freedom to choose their jobs, the economy will improve as they get jobs they’re better at. Secondly, before the widespread use of money, trade had to be done as bartering – people exchanged goods for other goods. If a farmer wanted to buy a goat, then he and the goat’s owner would have to come up with some sort of trade. â€Å"I’ll give you half a cow!† Obviously, that’s an awkward way to do things. So the use of money made trade MUCH easier, and the economy increased due to this! The booming economy led to the growth of cities. The city of Kaifeng eventually had a population of 250,000 households. The city of Hangchow had a population of 391,000 households. Compare that to Europe during the same period: Rome had an average population of about 35,000 households and London had a population of about 20,000 households. No civilization on earth was comparable to China during the Song Dynasty. Song Technology These Chinese cities were bursting at the seams with merchants and trade.  What were some of the goods and inventions that other cultures wanted? Merchants along the Silk Road obviously made most of their money off the trade in porcelain and silks. During this time period, China also invented a process to make steel and began producing gunpowder weapons. The demand for goods and services was so great that China began an unprecedented acceleration of foreign trade. Chinese goods were traded as far away as Africa and the Middle East. China also created junks – the largest ocean-going vessels in the world at the time that carried Chinese goods over the Indian Ocean all the way to Africa. China also built numerous canals. Canals are man-made rivers that allowed shipping and transportation to new areas. The largest canal, the Grand Canal, was built to link the Yellow and Yangtze rivers and make it easier to ship rice from the north to the south, helping to prevent starvation and improving the economy. Even though they were prosperous, the Song Dynasty also fell like every other Chinese dynasty before it. This time, they were overrun by a dangerous people to their north: the Mongols. The Song Dynasty also saw the invention of the movable-type printing press. Originally, if someone wanted to make a copy of a book, they would have to write it all out by hand, which took a long time. Using movable-type however, craftsmen created blocks of letters like the type your future children will play with. When they wanted to make a book, they would arrange the letters into a copy of a page. While this took a long time, the printer could then roll ink over the blocks and then use the blocks to make hundreds and hundreds of copies. This allowed a VAST amount of books to be printed much more cheaply, causing literacy to be more widespread. Questions: Song Dynasty 1. Explain the TWO reforms made during the Song Dynasty that improved agricultural production from farmers. 2. Explain how the use of paper and coin money gave peasants more freedom. 3. Explain how the use of paper and coin money increased trade. 4. What were two technological inventions made in China during this time? 5. What function did â€Å"junks† have? 6. What was the purpose of the Grand Canal? 7. Why was the invention of movable type so important in Song china?

Microsoft Xbox Essay -- essays research papers

Usability Testing on Microsoft Xbox â„ ¢ Product usability testing has been around for quite a while now for the sole purpose of providing the consumers with the best product a company can. Some companies hire specific testing consultants who specialize in product testing and other companies just release beta versions of their product to a small market and collect feedback. Companies like Sony or Nintendo hire companies that test their products and make sure there are no problems with the product. Software companies, on the other hand, release test versions, also known as beta versions, of their products and improve their final product based on the feedback from the beta users.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are many products that are released to the public that are not thoroughly tested. These products get tested like any other products, but they just don’t get tweaked and changed enough to be the best that they can be. This situation can be the result of the testing company not having enough knowledge of the product or poor diversity of the test groups or target audience. An example of a product not tested enough is the Microsoft Xbox. The Xbox, a game console released on November of 2001, marked Microsoft’s official entry in the gaming industry. Immediately after the release, users stated the Xbox was rushed into production and wasn’t properly tested. However, articles titled, â€Å"CES 2001: Microsoft Discusses the Announcement† and â€Å"Xbox Product Testing Initiated,† both...

Hypermarket Impact on Small Retailer

ABSTRACT Kedai runcit or sundry shops have been a standard feature of our housing estate landscape ever since there were housing estates. These mom-and-pop operations have been selling to their surrounding residents everyday essentials such as groceries, fresh produce, poultry, toiletries, etc. Their reasonable price and close distance have made them popular among residents of the housing estates in which they are located. Lately, though, their popularity has been on the decline due to competition from wholesale markets or hypermarkets which can offer the same items cheaper and conveniently under one roof.Local and foreign-bred hypermarkets such as Giants, Tesco and Carrefour have been invading our towns, big and small, leaving the traditional sundry shops fighting for their business. Many of these small-scale individually-owned shops have since closed their operations permanently or moved them a little further outskirt of town, away from the hypermarket catchment. Just how serious i s the impact of these hypermarkets on the operation of the sundry shops has so far not been fully investigated in Malaysia although many studies have been carried out elsewhere.Thus, this paper presents a study that has been carried out by the authors to investigate how serious the impact is in Johor Bahru. A sample of three hypermarkets was chosen for this study. Using GIS, we spatially showed the annual changes in the density of sundry shop licenses issued by the local authority within the catchment of each hypermarket, three years before as well as three years after the inaugural date of the hypermarket. Also using GIS, we corroborated the decline in the number of sundry shops within the surrounding housing estates with the residing addresses of the surveyed customers of the hypermarkets.The results obtained confirmed that the operation of hypermarkets does contribute to the decline in the number of sundry shops and the degree of the decline decreases radially outward from the lo cation of the hypermarkets. The findings from this study suggest that some rethinking needs to be done about the manner in which hypermarket licenses, or sundry shop licenses for that matter, are issued. Even our current policy of allowing a certain percentage of new housing development to be set aside for shoplots may also need to be reviewed.Keywords: Hypermarkets, sundry shops, GIS spatial analysis 1. INTRODUCTION Kedai runcit or a sundry shop is any shop that sells groceries and other daily items directly to its customers in small quantity (Osman, 1988). Normally, sundry shops are owned by individuals or shared by several individuals and offer limited number of items and quantity. In Malaysia one can find sundry shops in almost every housing estates and villages and they normally have a limited cathment area.A hypermarket, in contrast, is a big-scale retail store that offers a variety of goods and services all conveniently under one roof (Duncan, Hollander and Savitt, 1983). A h ypermarket commands a wide catchment area and it is normally owned by big companies who have numerous branches of the hypermarkets in many places. Among the more-popular chains of hypermarket operating in Malaysia are the locally-owned Giant Hypermarkets, and foreign-owned Tesco Hypermarkets and Carrefour Hypermarkets.Like in any modern country, hypermarkets in Malaysia have been expanding their operation to meet the demand of current generation for quality, convenience, product variety and long operation hours (Malaysian Ninth Plan, 2006). However, there are ever growing concern on the negative impacts of hypermarkets on the business of nearby neighborhood sundry shops (Johor Structure Plan 2002-2020, 2005). This is supported by Bennison & Davies (1980) and Seiders & Tigert (2000) whose study concluded that a hypermarket did have a negative impact on the growth of small sundry shops in the area.In spite of the same concern in Malaysia, there have been no study to investigate the sp atial extent of the impact. Thus, a study was set up by the authors to investigate the spatial extent of the impact and also to find out the factors that attract customers to hypermakets, leaving their neighborhood sundry shops struggling for business. 2. OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to spatially investigate the impact of a hypermarket on the operation of the surrounding sundry shops.In order to achieve the objectives the following tasks needed to be carried out: 1) identifying the suitable samples of hypermarkets; 2) identifying the market catchment of the hypermarkets; 3) collection of data pertaining to the number of business licenses issued to sundry shop operators within the catchment areas three years before as well as three years after the operation of the hypermarkets; 4) identifying factors that influence the decisions by the customers to shop at these hypermarkets.The method used to conduct the study is discussed in details in the following section. 3. METHOD The first step of the study was to choose a number of hypermarkets as units of analysis. Among the criteria taken into consideration in choosing the hypermarkets were: 1) the year they were opened for business to ensure that the chosen hypermarkets have been operating for at least three years; 2) the distances between each other to avoid overlapping of the market catchments; and 3) the types of goods sold at the hypermarkets so that they match those sold at the neighborhood sundry shops.Of the total of about ten hypermarkets in the City of Johor Bahru, three hypermarkets met these criteria and were chosen for the study. The three hypermarkets were from a locallygrown hypermarket chain known as Giant Hypermarket that are located in Southern City (in Johor Bahru City Centre), in Plentong and in Skudai (10km outskirt of Johor Bahru) (Refer Figure 1. 0). These three hypermarkets served a number of residential areas, known in Malaysia as taman perumahan or housing estates, located betwee n 0 – 20km surrounding them.The next step was the distribution of questionaire sets to 200 customers per hypermarket (100 during weekday and 100 during weekend) containing questions concerning their home addresses and the reasons for choosing to shop at the hypermarkets. Their home addresses were then inputted into the city plan in GIS format to dertermine the extent of each hypermarket’s cathment area. One way to measure the impact of a hypermarket on the neighborhood sundry shops is to actually count the number of sundry shops that are in business several years before and after the hypermarket is in operation.This is difficult to conduct since the monitoring would take as long as the number of years that we are interested in investigating. One way to expedite the process is to actually study the records of the number of annual business licenses issued to sundry shops and assume that each sundry shop that holds such license is actually operating a sundry shop. On this basis, the number of business licenses issued to sundry shops within three years before and after a hypermarket was in operation were obtained from the local authority (Johor Bahru Tengah Municipal Council).The locations of the business premises of these licenses were then plotted on the city map and then rasterised into a 50m grid format to give a density of sundry shop licenses per fifty square meters for each of the three years before and after the operation of the hypermarkets. The changes in the sundry shop density were then used to explain the impact of the hypermatkets on the business of the sundry shops. 2. Impact on Neighbourhood Sundry ShopsIf most of the customers that patronize these hypermarkets come from the surrounding housing estates as described previously, what is the impact on the sundry shops within those housing estates? The least impact would be slowing down of business for these neighborhood sundry shops while the worst impact would be closing down of busines s. While business slowdown can be investigated, this study only looked at the closing down of business by tracking the number of sundry shop licenses issued annualy by the local authority.Since the impact normally materializes a few years after the opening of a hypermarket, records of licenses three years before and after the opening of the hypermarket were inventoried. Changes in the number of sundry shops were investigated by studying the changes in the density of sundry shop licenses for every 50m2 area surrounding each hypermarket. This is done spatially in GIS by rasterising the 50m2 area into grids and varying the color of the grids according to the number of licenses within the grids for each particular year. Figures 5. 0 – 7. show the annual changes in the density of licenses within the grids for all the three hypermarkets studied. In general, the figures show the decreasing trend in the densities of sundry shops even before the opening of these hypermarkets except fo r the Plentong Giant Hypermarket. The decreasing number of sundry shops surrounding the Southern City Hypermarket (Figure 5. 0) could be attributed to competition among themselves and the operation of another hypermarket chain at the very building occupied by the Giant Hypermarket before it took over the operation.Meanwhile the decreasing number of sundry shops surrounding the Skudai Hypermarket (Figure 7. 0) could be attributed to the opening of another Giant Hypermarket just 4km away the year before the Skudai Hypermarket opened, apart from competition among themselves. The number of sundry shops surrounding the Plentong Hypermarket (Figure 6. 0) on the other hand was on the increase prior to the opening of the hypermarket. Investigation revealed that this was due to the opening of several new housing estates in the area which normally, as the case is in Malaysia, come with a number of shoplots.